...........A Working Paper............
Carl M. Anderson, Ph.D. Research Fellow, Mclean Hospital/Harvard Medical School
Steven B. Lowen, Ph. D. Senior Research Associate, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University
Perry Remshaw, M.D., Ph.D. Dir. Brain Imaging Center, Mclean Hospital/Harvard Medical School
Luis C. Maas, M.S., Research Fellow, MIT/Harvard Medical School
Blaise Frederick, Ph.D. Assistant Biophysicist, Brain Imaging Center, Mclean Hospital/Harvard Medical School
Lawrence L. Wald, Ph.D. Assistant Biophysicist, Massachusetts General Hospital NMR Center/ Instructor, Dept. of Radiology, Harvard Medical School.
Fredric Schiffer, M.D. Attending Psychiatrist, Mclean Hospital/Harvard Medical School.
Martin Teicher, M.D., Ph.D. Dir. Developmental Biopsychiatry Research Program, Mclean Hospital/Harvard Medical School
Abstract: We propose to create dynamic 3-D representations of emergent functional networks that arise in fMRI signals from the temporal lobes during mind wandering to a simple meditative task, reciting a neutral memory or recalling an emotional experience. This working paper is an attempt to explore the hypotheses underlying our approach and anticipate our findings in order to clarify our analytical and conceptual methods. We are particularly interested in bilateral and unilateral interactions amoung temporal lobe structures such as the amygdaloid complex, hippocampus as well as other temporal and frontal cortical regions coherent with autonomic fluctuations. Both autonomic and fMRI fluctuations contain long-range correlations in time, similar to those found and enjoyed in music and commonly described as fractal in time. Our central hypothesis states that the coalescence among long-range fluctuations found in the brain/mind/body underlies emotional consciousness and memory, and that the amygdala, as well as, other forebrain structures may represent important substrates of this coalescence.
An important implication of this hypothesis is that dysfunctions of emotional consciousness are a result of disruptions to the coalescence and character of long-range order both within the body and from the environment. For example, the loss of long-range patterns due to the frenetic, unstable and inconsistent nature of modern life facilitates stress, depression and self-destructive behavior especially among youth. Support for our hypothesis points to methods of reinstating long-range order in individual lives (i.e., meditation, support groups, psychotherapy, etc.) as a possible therapeutic approaches.
Overview:
This working paper will outline, integrate and explore the hypotheses underlying our funded research to examine the vertical convergence 6,10,88,91 of spontaneous fluctuations of fractal time 16,81,87 physiological processes during mind wandering 13,148 through the use of fMRI. As the project is in its early stages we hope to lay a conceptual foundation to guide the analysis of results as they become available.
Before we proceed terms used in the first sentence, which may be unfamiliar to the reader, will be briefly defined and described.
Vertical convergence: Derived from the economic term "verticality" or "vertical intergration" which is commonly used to describe the consolidation or coalescence of smaller businesses into a larger integrated organization (for example a business that markets ice cream would buy businesses such as dairies, paper manufacturers, trucking companies, and retail outlets in order to streamline production and sales of its products). In other words, the term vertical convergence denotes the integration observed across many levels from subcellular to whole organism in biological systems. A phenomenon analogous to this occurs with populations of hydrogen molecules during nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. In this case the magnetic moments of individual spinning hydrogen protons vertically converge into an ensemble of larger scale electromagnetic signal sources which are ultimately recorded during the imaging process and reconstructed into a MRI image.
Spontaneous fluctuations: Commonly thought to be random biological " noise-like" phenomena (for example the spontaneous, wave like changes that appear on the slow tide-like fluctuations of skin conductance termed galvanic skin response "GSR"). Many of these phenomena have now been shown to manifest non-random long-range order in time.
Fractal time or "fractal in time: The term fractal applies to objects in space or fluctuations in time that possess a form of self-similarity and cannot be described within single absolute scale or measurement framework: fragments of the object or sequence can be made to match the whole object or sequence by shifting and stretching (from photographs of a cloud or a shoreline, for example, the outlines of these natural objects cannot be easily measured with a single measuring scale. This is because the measuring scale misses the fine detail of the photograph ). Many of the irregular spontaneous processes of living systems have been observed to approximate fractals in time, i.e., are statistically self-similar and lack a single absolute scale of measurement in time107,149-151. Spontaneous behavioral phenomena at all levels of organisms from ion channel currents 81,82 and neural spike trains 134-135 to REM sleep 9 and foraging patterns of animals 33,147 to reaction time fluctuations generated by subjects in cognitive science experiments 50 exhibit these recurrent fluctuations which were once tacitly overlooked and excluded as "noise" 10,11,16,149-152,156.
Mind wandering: Daniel M. Wegner has proposed that the wandering nature of consciousness is necessary to prevent habituation at sensory and conceptual levels of conscious experience, serving the same purpose as physiological nystagmus to prevent habituation of photoreceptors in the eye. In his own words: " [Mind] wandering is not just the result of weakness of will in the face of absorbing environmental stimulation, therefore, but rather it is compelled somehow, perhaps even required by the architecture of the mind".
Our core hypothesis is simply stated in the following: "As flow of a river represents the merging of water from many separate sources, so the experience of consciousness represents the vertical convergence of spontaneous physiological processes from many levels of the body over time". As such our experience of mind wandering results from the spontaneous nature of neural and cell processes.
Specifically, the phenomena of mind wandering 13,148 will be investigated by observing coherence among fluctuations in physiological markers (heart rate, respiration, electrodermal activity [EDA]) and in fMRI signals from bilateral amygdaloid regions of the temporal lobes while subjects attempt meditation 12,37,76,101 or the recall of neutral or emotional memories 116.
Can the "stream" of consciousness be described as irregular or having "fractal" properties in time? Does spontaneous mind wandering lack a single scale of measurement in time? If this is indeed the case, then the methods of fractal mathematics (which allow quantification of structure or pattern across many spatial or temporal scales, resulting in a single measurement of multiscale order ) could be useful in the description of spontaneous fluctuations of the mind and body and how they vertically cohere 10,88,91 during different states of consciousness.
The fractal nature of consciousness and its fluctuating "stream" of attention are consistent with the concept of vertical convergence 6,10,88,91, that the uniquely self-organizing 14,15 architecture of our bodies and our minds results from the coalescence of spontaneous self-similar fluctuations over many orders of space and time.
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